notes of relations and functions

relation and function

1. What is Cartesian Sets?

Given two non-empty sets A and B. The Cartesian product A×B is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from A and B, i.e.,
A×B={(a,b):a∈A,b∈B}
If either A or B is the null set, then A×B will also be empty set, i.e., A×B

Important tips

1. Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements are equal and the second elements are also equal.
2. If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements in A×B, i.e., if n(A)=p and n(B)=q, then n(A×B)=pq.
3. If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A×B.
4. A×A×A={(a,b,c):a,b,c∈A}. Here (a,b,c) is called an ordered triplet

Questtion 1 If P={1,2} and Q={5,4,2}, find P×Q and Q×P.
Solution
P={1,2} and Q={5,4,2}
We know that the Cartesian product P×Q of two non-empty sets P and Q is defined as
P×Q={(p,q):p∈P,q∈Q}
∴P×Q={(1,5),(1,4),(1,2),(2,5),(2,4),(2,2)}
Q×P={(5,1),(5,2),(4,1),(4,2),(2,1),(2,2)}

Question 2 If A={−1,1}, find A×A×A
Solution
It is known that for any non-empty set A, A×A×A is defined as
A×A×A={(a,b,c):a,b,c∈A}
It is given that A={−1,1}
∴A×A×A{(−1,−1,−1),(−1,−1,1),(−1,1,−1),(−1,1,1),(1,−1,−1),(1,−1,1),(1,1,−1),(1,1,1),}

2. What is relations?

A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product A×B.
It "maps" elements of one set to another set. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the second element of the ordered pair (A×B).
Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R.
Range: the set of all the ending points is called the range
A relation can be expressed in Set builder or Roaster form

Roster forms

In a Roster forms, all the elements in the set is listed.
Example
Set of vovel={a,e,i,o,u}

Some Important points

• In roster form, the order in which the elements are listed is immaterial
• while writing the set in roster form an element is not generally repeated

Set Builder Form

• In set-builder form, all the elements of a set possess a single common property which is not possessed by any element outside the set. For example, in the set {2,4,6,8}, all the elements possess a common property, namely, each of them is a even number less than 10. Denoting this set by N, we write
  N = {x : x is a even number less than 10 }
• b) We describe the element of the set by using a symbol x (any other symbol like the letters y, z, etc. could be used) which is followed by a colon “ : ”. After the sign of colon, we write the characteristic property possessed by the elements of the set and then enclose the whole description within braces

Important Note

The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A⋅B. If n(A)=p and n(B)=q, then n(A⋅B)=pq and the total number of relations is 2pq

Example:
Let P={1,2,3,.....,18} define a relation R from P to P by R={(x,y):2x−y=0,wherex,y∈P} Write down its domain, codomain and range.
Solution: The relation R from P to P is given as
R = {(x,y):2x-y=0, where x, y ∈ P}
i.e., R = {(x, y): 2x = y, where x, y ∈ P}

∴R={(1,2),(2,4),(3,6),(4,8),(5,10),(6,12),(7,14),(8,16),(9,18)}
The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.
∴DomainofR={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
The whole set P is the codomain of the relation R.
Therefore codomain of R=P={1,2,3,…,18}
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.
Therefore range of R={2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18}

3. What is Function

• A function is a "well-behaved" relation
• A function f is a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B such that the domain of f is A and no two distinct ordered pairs in fhave the same first element.
• For a relation to be a function, there must be only and exactly one y that corresponds to a given x
• If f is a function from A to B and (a,b)∈f, then f(a)=b, where b is called the image of a under f and a is called the preimage of bunderf.

Example 1:
Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a function, determine its domain and range.

1. {(3,1),(5,1),(7,1),(11,1),(14,1),(17,1)}
2. {(2,1),(4,2),(6,3),(6,4),(10,5),(12,6),(14,7)}
3. {(1,3),(1,5),(2,5)}

Answer

1. {(3,1),(5,1),(7,1),(11,1),(14,1),(17,1)}
   Since 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 are the elements of the domain of the given relation having their unique images, this relation is a function.
2. {(2,1),(4,2),(6,3),(6,4),(10,5),(12,6),(14,7)}
   Since the same first element i.e 6 corresponds to two different images 3 and 4, this relation is not a function
3. {(1,3),(1,5),(2,5)}
   Since the same first element i.e., 1 corresponds to two different images i.e., 3 and 5, this relation is not a function.

Important functions

Let us take some useful polynomial and shapes obtained on the Cartesian plane

S.No.	y=p(x)	Graph obtained	Name of the graph	Name of the function
1.	y=mx+c where m and c can be any values (m≠0) Example y=2x+3		Graphs of these functions are straight lines. m is the slope and b is the yintercept. If m is positive then the line rises to the right and if m is negative then the line falls to the right	Linear function. Typical use for linear functions is converting from one quantity or set of units to another.
2.	y=ax2+bx+c where, b2−4ac>0 , a≠0 and a>0 example- y=x2−7x+12		Parabola It intersect the x- axis at two points Example- (3,0) and (4,0)	Quadratic function
3.	y=ax3+bx2+cx+d where,a≠0	It can be of any shape	It will cut the x-axis at the most 3 times	Cubic Function
4.	anxn+an−1xn−1+an−2xn−2+…………+ax+a0 where an≠0	It can be of any shape	It will cut the x-axis at the most n times	Polynomial function
5.	y=f(x)g(x) where g(x)≠0 example- y=1x	It can be any shape	An asymptote is a line that the curve approaches but does not cross.There are vertical and horizontal asymptote	Rational function
6.	y=|x| i.e., y=−x for x<0 y=x for x≥0			Modulus function
7.	y=aln(x)+b where x is in the natural logarithm and a and b are constants They are only defined for positive		For small x they are negative and for large x they are positive x	Logarithmic functions
8.	y=[x]  [x]−>the value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x			Greatest integer function

4. Algebra of Real Function

Real Value Function: A function which has all real number or subset of the real number as it domain
Real Valued Function: A function which has all real number or subset of the real number as it range
For functions f:X−>R and g:X−>R, we have

1. Addition
   (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x),x∈X
2. Substraction
   (f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x),x∈X
3. Multiplication
   (f.g)(x)=f(x).g(x),x∈X
4. Multiplication by real number (kf)(x)=kf(x),x∈X, where k is a real number. 
5. Division
   fg(x)=f(x)g(x)
   x∈X and g